에볼루션 바카라 체험 - Teaching About Evolution
Despite the best efforts by biology educators, there are still a lot of misconceptions regarding evolution. Pop science nonsense has led many people to think that biologists don't believe in evolution.
This rich Web site - companion to the PBS series offers teachers with resources that promote evolution education and avoid the kinds of misconceptions that undermine it. It's laid out in a nested "bread crumb" format to make it easy for navigation and orientation.
Definitions
Evolution is a complicated and difficult subject to teach well. People who are not scientists often have a difficult time understanding the subject, and some scientists even use a definition which confuses it. This is particularly relevant when it comes to the definition of the words.
It is crucial to define the terms used in evolutionary biology. The website for the PBS show, Understanding Evolution, does this in a clear and useful way. talks about it is a companion to the show which first aired in 2001, but it also functions as an independent resource. The information is presented in a structured manner that makes it simpler to navigate and understand.
The site defines terms such as common ancestor, gradual process and so on. These terms help frame the nature of evolution as well as its relation to other scientific concepts. The site provides an overview of the ways that evolution has been examined. This information can be used to dispel misconceptions that have been engendered by the creationists.
It is also possible to find a glossary of terms used in evolutionary biology. These terms include:
Adaptation is the process of changing heritable traits to be better suited to an environment. This is a result of natural selection, which happens when organisms with more adaptable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less adapted characteristics.
Common ancestor: The most recent common ancestor of two or more species. By analyzing DNA from these species, it is possible to determine the common ancestor.
Deoxyribonucleic acid: A massive biological molecule that contains the information necessary for cell replication. The information is contained in nucleotides arranged in sequences that are strung together to form long chains, called chromosomes. Mutations are the reason behind the creation of new genetic information within cells.
Coevolution is a relationship between two species where evolution of one species influence evolutionary changes in the other. Examples of coevolution are the interactions between predator and prey or host and parasite.
Origins
Species (groups which can interbreed), evolve by a series of natural variations in their offspring's traits. Changes can be caused by various factors, including natural selection, gene drift, and mixing of the gene pool. The evolution of new species can take thousands of years. Environmental circumstances, such as climate change or competition for food or habitat can slow or speed up the process.
The Evolution site tracks through time the evolution of various species of plants and animals and focuses on major changes within each group's past. It also explores the evolutionary origin of humans and humans, a subject that is especially important for students to know.
Darwin's Origin was published in 1859, when only a handful of antediluvian fossils of humans were discovered. Among them was the famous skullcap and the associated bones discovered in 1856 at the Little Feldhofer Grotto in Germany, which is now known as an early Homo neanderthalensis. Although the skullcap was not published until 1858, just one year after the first edition of the Origin appeared, it is very unlikely that Darwin had seen or heard of it.
While the site focuses on biology, it also contains a wealth of information about geology as well as paleontology. The Web site has several aspects that are quite impressive, such as a timeline of how geological and climate conditions have changed over time. It also includes a map showing the distribution of fossil groups.
The site is a companion for the PBS television series, but it could also be used as an educational resource for teachers and students. The site is well-organized and provides clear links to the introduction material of Understanding Evolution (developed under the National Science Foundation's support) and the more specialized features of the museum website. These links facilitate the transition from the engaging cartoon style of the Understanding Evolution pages to the more sophisticated world of research science. There are links to John Endler’s experiments with guppies that illustrate the importance of ecology in evolutionary theory.
Diversity
The evolution of life has resulted in a variety of plants, animals and insects. Paleobiology, the study of these creatures in their geological context, has many advantages over modern observational or experimental methods of studying evolutionary processes. Paleobiology can examine not only the process and events that happen regularly or over time but also the relative abundance and distribution of different species of animals across the geological time.
The website is divided into a variety of paths to learning evolution which include "Evolution 101," which takes the user on a linear path through the scientific process and the evidence supporting the theory of evolution. The path also explores misconceptions regarding evolution, and also the history of evolutionary thought.
Each of the main sections on the Evolution website is equally well-developed, with materials that are suited to a variety of levels of curriculum and teaching methods. In addition to the standard textual content, the site offers an array of multimedia and interactive content including videos, animations, and virtual labs. The breadcrumb-like arrangement of the content assists with navigation and orientation on the massive web site.
For instance the page "Coral Reef Connections" gives a brief overview of the relationships between corals and their interactions with other organisms. It then zooms in on a single clam that is able to communicate with its neighbors and respond to changes in the water conditions that occur at the reef level. This page, along with the other multidisciplinary, multimedia, and interactive pages on the site, provide an excellent introduction to a broad variety of topics in evolutionary biology. The material also provides an overview of the importance of natural selection and the concept of phylogenetic analysis, which is a key tool for understanding the evolution of changes.
Evolutionary Theory
For biology students the concept of evolution is a major thread that binds all the branches of the field. A rich collection supports teaching evolution across the disciplines of life sciences.
One resource, the companion to PBS's television show Understanding Evolution is an excellent example of an Web page that offers both depth as well as broadness in terms of educational resources. The site features a wide range of interactive learning modules. It also features an "bread crumb structure" that allows students to move away from the cartoon style that is used in Understanding Evolution and onto elements on this large website more closely linked to the worlds of research science. Animation that introduces the concept of genetics links to a page about John Endler's artificial-selection experiments with Guppies living in ponds native to Trinidad.
The Evolution Library on this website contains a large multimedia library of resources that are associated to evolution. The content is organized according to curricula-based pathways that correspond to the learning goals established in biology standards. It includes seven short videos that are designed for classroom use. They can be streamed or purchased as DVDs.
Evolutionary biology remains a field of study that has many important questions, including what triggers evolution and the speed at which it takes place. This is particularly true for humans' evolution where it was a challenge to reconcile religious beliefs that held that humanity has a special place in creation and a soul, with the notion that human beings have innate physical traits were derived from the apes.
There are a variety of other ways in which evolution can take place and natural selection being the most widely accepted theory. Scientists also study different types like mutation, genetic drift and sexual selection.
While many fields of scientific inquiry conflict with the literal interpretations of religious texts, evolutionary biology has been the subject of fierce debate and opposition from religious fundamentalists. While certain religions have been able to reconcile their beliefs with the notions of evolution, others aren't.